FEATURES

FAMILY

DESCRIPTION

Also known as DRA_HUMAN, HLA-DRA, HLA-DRA1. An alpha chain of antigen-presenting major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) molecule. In complex with the beta chain HLA-DRB, displays antigenic peptides on professional antigen presenting cells (APCs) for recognition by alpha-beta T cell receptor (TCR) on HLA-DR-restricted CD4-positive T cells. This guides antigen-specific T-helper effector functions, both antibody-mediated immune response and macrophage activation, to ultimately eliminate the infectious agents and transformed cells (PubMed:29884618, PubMed:17334368, PubMed:8145819, PubMed:15322540, PubMed:22327072, PubMed:27591323, PubMed:31495665, PubMed:15265931, PubMed:9075930, PubMed:24190431). Typically presents extracellular peptide antigens of 10 to 30 amino acids that arise from proteolysis of endocytosed antigens in lysosomes (PubMed:8145819). In the tumor microenvironment, presents antigenic peptides that are primarily generated in tumor-resident APCs likely via phagocytosis of apoptotic tumor cells or macropinocytosis of secreted tumor proteins (PubMed:31495665). Presents peptides derived from intracellular proteins that are trapped in autolysosomes after macroautophagy, a mechanism especially relevant for T cell selection in the thymus and central immune tolerance (PubMed:17182262, PubMed:23783831). The selection of the immunodominant epitopes follows two processing modes: 'bind first, cut/trim later' for pathogen-derived antigenic peptides and 'cut first, bind later' for autoantigens/self-peptides (PubMed:25413013). The anchor residue at position 1 of the peptide N-terminus, usually a large hydrophobic residue, is essential for high affinity interaction with MHCII molecules (PubMed:8145819). Heterotrimer that consists of an alpha chain HLA-DRA, a beta chain HLA-DRB and a peptide (peptide-MHCII) (PubMed:7477400, PubMed:9354468, PubMed:9782128, PubMed:31619516, PubMed:32668259, PubMed:11080454, PubMed:11163233, PubMed:12244309, PubMed:16079912, PubMed:17583734, PubMed:18697946). Newly synthesized alpha and beta chains forms a heterodimer (MHCII) that associates with the CD74/invariant chain (Ii) in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Ii is a trimer composed of three subunits and each subunit interacts with one MHCII dimer, blocking the peptide-binding cleft (PubMed:7479981). As a result, MHCII molecules can not bind peptides present in the ER (PubMed:7479981). The complex of MHCII and CD74/Ii is transported in vesicles from ER to Golgi to lysosomes, where it encounters antigenic peptides generated via proteolysis of endocytosed antigens. MHCII dimers are dissociated from CD74/Ii by the combined action of proteolysis and HLA-DM (PubMed:25413013, PubMed:23260142, PubMed:21115828). Lysosomal enzymes such as cathepsin, degrade CD74/Ii leaving a 24 amino acid remnant called class II-associated Ii or CLIP. Interacts (via the peptide binding cleft) with CLIP; this interaction inhibits antigen peptide binding before entry in the endosomal compartment (PubMed:9075930, PubMed:7477400). The displacement of CLIP and replacement by a high affinity peptide in lysosomes is performed by HLA-DM heterodimer. HLA-DM catalyzes CLIP dissociation from MHCII, stabilizes empty MHCII and mediates the selection of high affinity peptides (PubMed:23260142, PubMed:11070170, PubMed:9075930). Interacts with HLA-DM heterodimer; this interaction is direct (PubMed:25413013). Interacts (via alpha-1 domain) with TCR (via CDRs) (PubMed:17334368, PubMed:29884618). Interacts (via alpha-2 domain) with CD4 (via Ig-like V-type domain); this interaction increases the affinity of TCR for peptide-MHCII (PubMed:27114505).

EXTERNAL LINKS

HLA-DRA

HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DR alpha chain

HLA-DRA

Molecular Synopsis